数据库整合版.docVIP

1.DBMS:A database-management system DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. 2.Schema:The overall design of the database is called the database schema. 3.Instance:The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance of the database. 4.Data model:a collection of conceptual tools for describing data,data relationships,data semantics,and consistency constraints. 5.Domain:For each attribute,there is a set of permitted values,called the domain of that attribute. 6.DDL:We specify a database schema by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a data-definition language DDL . 7.DML:A data-manipulation language DML is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model. 8.Entity:An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from all other objects. 9.Relationship:A relationship is an association among several entities. 10.Weak entity set:An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key.Such an entity set is termed a weak entity set. 11.1NF:We say that a relation schema R is in first normal form 1NF if the domain of all attributes of R are atomic. 12.Transactions:A transaction is a unit of program execution that accesses and possibly updates various data items.Collections of operations that forms a single logical unit of work are called transactions. 13.Super Key:A super key is a set of one or more attributes that,taken collectively,allow us to identify uniquely a tuple in the relation. 14.Candidate key:We are often interested in superkey for which no proper subset is a superkey.Such minimal superkeys are called candidate keys. 15.Primary key:We use the term primary key to denote a candidate key that is chosen by the database designer as the principal means of identifying tuples within a relation. 16.Foreign key:A relation schema,say r1,may include among its attribu