Ch-3WordStructure.ppt

Chapter Three Word Structure Main Points Morphemes Definition; Morphemes, morphs allomorphs Classification; Identification; Morphemes Word-formation 3.1 Morphemes What is morpheme? sun, book, fine, eat, well Each is a morpheme. 3.1 Morphemes internationalization inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation Each is a morpheme. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. A word is the smallest free form of a language. 3.1 Morphemes The basic elements of language Sentence Clause Phrase Word morpheme 3.2 Morph, Morpheme Allomorphs bird /b?:d/, tree /tri:/, green /gri:n/ BUT plural morpheme {-s} cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/ 3.2 Morph Morpheme plural morpheme {-s} cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/ {s} {es} 3.2 Morph Allomorphs plural morpheme {-s} cats /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ 3.2 Allomorphs past tense morpheme {-ed} worked, helped /t/ tried, lived /d/ wanted, landed /id/ 3.2 Morph Morpheme past tense morpheme {-ed} helped lived wanted {d} {ed} 3.2 Morph Allomorphs past tense morpheme {-ed} helped lived wanted /t/ /d/ /id/ 3.2 Morph Allomorphs Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content ,a unit that can’t be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning ,whether it is lexical or grammatical. (胡壮麟2001) 就表达内容和关系来说，词素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小单位，而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。 3.2 Morph Allomorphs Morpheme is an abstract unit, which is realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. Morphs are the phonetic realization of a morpheme. “They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning (Bolinger and Sears, 1981:43)” Allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments. 3.3 Types of Morphemes 1. Free morphemes bound morphemes sun, book, fine,