关于法国大革命的外翻译及原文.docVIP

由雨果的人道主义精神引发的对当代中国改革的若干思考 —以《九三年》为例 Daron Acemoglu Davide Cantoni Simon Johnson James A. Robinson 最近关于比较发展的文献中强调，如果没有正确的刺激经济增长的制度会造成不发达。但是在关于哪一种制度的必不可少的问题上存在争议。有一些学者强调了财产权（南斯和汤姆斯在1973年提出，阿西莫格鲁，约翰逊和罗宾逊在2001年提出，阿塞莫格鲁Daron Acemoglu, Davide Cantoni, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution NBER Working Paper No. 14831 April 2009 JEL No. N23 The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution Daron Acemoglu, Davide Cantoni, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson The recent literature on comparative development has emphasized that underdevelopment is caused by institutions that do not create the right incentives for economic growth. But there is disagreement about which specific institutions are important. Some scholars emphasize property rights (North and Thomas, 1973, Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, 2001, Acemoglu and Johnson, 2005), some legal institutions (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny,1998)and others barriers to entry or oligarchies (Olson, 1982, Acemoglu, 2008). Another unresolved issue is whether institutions can be designed, and relatedly whether they can be reformed externally. Hayek (1960) argued that institutions cannot be designed and have to evolve organically (and that this was the major reason for the inferiority of the civil code), and a recent literature has claimed that institutions have to be `appropriate to the specific circumstances of countries (Berkowitz, Pistor and Richard, 2003a,b, Rodrik, 2007).1These problems are amplified when such reforms are implemented `Big Bang style. Proponents of these views argue that enforced institutional change is likely to reduce prosperity, a claim that receives some support from the apparent failures of institutional reforms in Latin America, Africa, the former Soviet Union in the 1980s and 1990s, and the recent experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq. Not all external reform are failures, however, as eviden