考试复习笔记-材料概论(上).docVIP

考试复习笔记-材料概论(上) 1、 The wide range of materials available to engineers can be divided into five categories :metals ,ceramics and glasses ,polymers ,composites ,and semiconductors . 可以被工程师使用的材料的范围很广泛，这些材料可以划分为5类：金属、陶瓷（玻璃）、聚合物、复合材料和半导体材料。 The first three categories can be associated with distinct tyres of atomic bending . 前三类材料的分类与他们独特的化学键的类型相关。 The fourth category (composites) involves combination of two or more materials from the previous three categories . 第四类材料（复合材料）是由前三类材料中的2种或2种以上的材料复合而成。 The first four categories comprise the structural materials . 前四类材料构成了结构材料。 The fifth type (semiconductor) is a separate category of clectronic materials distinguished by its unique ,intermediate electrical conductivity. 第五类材料（半导体材料）是单独的一类材料，即电子材料，它与其他材料的显著区别是其独特的中等大小的导电能力。 Understanding the properties of these various material requires examination of structure at either amicroscopic or submicroscopic scale . 要理解这各种材料的性能需要从微观或亚微观尺度上研究材料的结构。 2、 The relative ductility of certain metal alloys is related to atomic-scale architecture. 某些金属合金的延展性的相对大小与其原子尺度上的“构造有关。 Similarly ,the development of transparent ceramics has required careful control of microscopic-scale architecture. 与此类似，透明陶瓷的研制也需要严格控制其微观尺度上的“构造”。 Once the properties of material are understood ,the practical selection of materials is done at two levels . 当我们了解了材料的性能，材料的实际选择就可以在两个层次上进行。 First ,there is competition among the various categories of materials . 首先，在材料的各种类之间存在竞争。 Second ,there is competition within the most appropriate category for the optimum ,specified material . 其次，在合适的材料种类中还存在究竟哪种材料最适合的竞争。 In addition ,new developments can lead to the rejection of an alternate material for a given design . 另外，对于某些特定的设计，新研制出来的材料还带来替代材料选择的问题。 3、 To understand the properties of engineering materials ,it is necessary to understand their structure on the atomic and microscopic scale . 为了理解工程材料的性能，必须理解它们在原子尺度和微观尺度上的结构。 Virtually every major property of the five materials categories just outlined will be shown to result directl