语言学 chat2 总结.docVIP

Chapter2 SPEECH SOUNDS Ⅰ、How speech sounds are made? ⒈ Speech organs ⑴Pharyngeal cavity: voiced, voiceless ⑵Oral cavity: the uvula, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and the lip. ⑶Nasal cavity: Three nasal consonants: [m],[n],[ η ] ⒉ The IPA ⑴、The IPA(the international alphabet) main principles were that there should be a separated letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. ⑵、IPA chart :①consonant：a、non-pulmonic b、pulmonic ②vowel ⑶、DIACRITICS: the diacritics are additional symbols or marks Ⅱ、Consonants and Vowels ⒈The difference between consonants and vowels When we pronounce if there is obstruction of airstream, then it is consonant, opposite is vowel. ⒉Consonants Three properties:① voicing: voiced and voiceless ②the Manner of Articulation ③the Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation Place of Articulation bilabial Labiodental Dental alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stop/plosive p, b t, d k, g Nasal m n η Fricative f, v Θ б s, z h Approximant (w) ι ? w Lateral l Affricate ⒊Vowels Four basic requirements: the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low) the position of the highest part of the tongue the length or tenseness of the vowel lip-rounding Ⅲ、From Phonetics to Phonology ⒈Coarticulation and Phonetics Transcriptions ⑴ Definition: When we pronounce, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors, such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we called the process coarticulation. ⑵two branches of coarculation: anticipatory coarticulation (e.g. lamb) preservative coarticulatione(e.g. map) ⑶ a、 ASPIRATED: e.g. [p] in peak b、UNASPIRATED: e.g. [p] in speak ⑷ Phonetic Transcriptions: ①Two branches: a、broad transcription b、narrow transcription ② difference: in the transcription, if they use diacritic, they are narrow