11-遗迹学详解.ppt

遗迹学 Ichnology 1 Basic concepts What are the trace fossil? ?Trace fossils or ichnofossils are biologically produced sedimentary structures that include tracks、trails 、 burrows 、 borings, facal pellets, eggs, roots and other traces made by organisms. 2 Characteristics With a relatively long geological distribution Frequent presence in strata without body fossils (it is very rare that body fossils are preserved together with their trace fossils) Beneficial for environmental interpretation (the organisms’ behaviors are very sensitive to the change of environment, trace fossils remained in the sites where they formed) 2 Characteristics The same individual or species can produce different structures corresponding to different behavior patterns 2 Characteristics The same burrow may be differently preserved in different substrates 2 Characteristics Different tracemakers may produce identical structures when behaving similarly 2 Characteristics Multiple architects may produce a single structure 3 Classification Preservational classification （保存分类） Ethological classification （行为习性分类） Morphological classification （形态特征分类） 3.1 Preservational classification It is a method to describe the stratinomic state of different ichnotaxa. 3.2 Ethological classification 3.2 Ethological classification Resting trace (cubichnia 栖息迹) The structures are made by vagile animals digging down for a period then departing by the same route. 3.2 Ethological classification Crawling traces (repichnia 爬行迹) These structures reflect directed locomotion rather than any other activity. The producing animal appears merely to have been wandering from one place to another 3.2 Ethological classification Grazing trace (pascichnia 牧食迹) Where a trackway or locomotion trace follows a meandering or spiral course, it is clear that an animal has exploited a particular region of the substrate for food 3.2 Ethological classification Feeding traces (fodinichnia 觅食迹) It is characterized by the combined functions of de