第14周课堂作业学习笔记.docVIP

断裂力学的研究成果在六十年代后期才被介绍到中国来。不久中国的学者和工程师便对它产生了极大的兴趣。在冶金工业中，人们需要断裂韧度作为金属材料的一种重要的力学性能指标；在设计和使用中，需要知道断裂准则和裂纹扩展规律以及环境对断裂的影响。这样就使断裂的实验研究与理论工作相比，先在中国发展起来。到了七十年代，应用数学家和力学家运用弹性学和塑料学探讨裂纹顶端的应力场和形变场，得到一些解析的和近似的解。数字计算机的广泛使用又使人们注意到数值计算特别是有限元法，微观机理的研究也逐渐受到重视。实际上一门科学或技术在一个国家的发展或多或少就是这个国家在世界上向前迈进的一个缩影，断裂力学当然也不例外。具体的一些成果我和沈为教授不久前已在本刊作过评述。 ①The achievements of fracture mechanics were not introduced into China until the late 1960s. ② In fact, the development of a branch of science or technology in a country is more or less an epitome of that country’s march forward in the world. ③ Fracture mechanics is of course no exception. ④ It however did not take long to arouse immense interest of the Chinese scholars and engineers. ⑤By the 1970s, scientists in applied mathematics and mechanics studied stress and deformation fields around crack tip by the employment of the theories of elasticity and plasticity and analytical and approximate solutions were found. ⑥ Hence, compared with the theoretical work, experiments and investigations on fracture developed earlier in China. ⑦Then, the study of microscopic mechanisms came to be recognized. ⑧ The wide application of digital computers directed their attention toward numerical calculation, in particular, the finite element method. ⑨ In metallurgical industry, people needed fracture toughness as an important index for mechanical performance of metals; while in design and application, it is necessary to know fracture criteria and the laws of crack propagation as well as the influence of environment on fracture. ⑩Specific attainments in this field in China have shortly before been treated by Professor Shen Wei and myself in an earlier issue of this journal. 3.短文翻译①④⑨⑥⑤⑧⑦②③⑩ 43. Seen from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”. _______ (A) 如果从太空中看地球的话，地球像一个蓝色的行星，而且地球的表面70%都是水。 (B) 地球表面的70%都被水覆盖着，从太空中看地球，它就像一颗蓝色的行星。 (C) 从太空上看我们的地球，它的表面的70%都被水覆盖着，看上去像一颗蓝色的行星。 (D) 从太空中看到地球的表面的70%都是水，它是一个蓝色的行星。