第7部分力学性质课程.ppt

Selection of N will depend on a number of factors, including economics, previous experience, the accuracy with which mechanical forces and material properties may be determined, and, most important, the consequences of failure in terms of loss of life and/or property damage. N的选择取决于多种因素，包括经济性，以前的应用情况，可以测定的材料力学性质的精度，而且，最重要的是要考虑断裂造成的生命和财产损失。 DESIGN EXAMPLE 7.1 A tensile-testing apparatus仪 is to be constructed that must withstand顶住 a maximum load of 220,000 N (50,000 lbf). The design calls for two cylindrical support posts位, each of which is to support half of the maximum load. Furthermore, plain-carbon (1045) steel ground基础 and polished shafting轴 rounds轮 are to be used; the minimum yield and tensile strengths of this alloy are 310 MPa (45,000 psi) and 565 MPa (82,000psi), respectively. Specify a suitable diameter for these support posts. S OLUTION The first step in this design process is to decide on a factor safety, N, which then allows determination of a working stress according to Equation 7.29. In addition, to ensure that the apparatus will be safe to operate, we also want to minimize any elastic deflection of the rods during testing; therefore, a relatively conservative factor of safety is to be used, say N 5. Thus, the working stress σw is just where d is the rod diameter and F is the applied force; furthermore, each of the two rods must support half of the total force or 110,000 N (25,000 psi). Solving for SUMMARY A number of the important mechanical properties of materials have been discussed in this chapter. Concepts of stress and strain were first introduced. Stress is a measure of an applied mechanical load or force, normalized to take into account cross-sectional area. Two different stress parameters were defined—engineering stress and true stress. Strain represents the amount of deformation induced by a stress; both engineering and true strains are used. Some of the mechanical characteristics of materials can be ascertained by simple stress–strain te