ch21第二章讲义.pptVIP

Computer Networks - 02 -1 COMPUTER NETWORKSChapter 02 The Physical Layer Part 1 Chapter 2 The Physical Layer Essence: Physical layer defines the mechanical, electrical, and timing interfaces to the network, provides the means to transmit bits from sender to receiver, that is, involves a lot on how to use (analog) signals for digital information. 物理层在点到点连接的两个网络设备之间提供透明的比特流传输。 提供机械，电气，功能及规程特性 Chapter 2 The Physical Layer What will be talked about? Theoretical analysis of data transmission Transmission media (wires and no wires) Three communication system: telephone, mobile phone, and cable television system 本章介绍的主要内容包括数据通信的基本知识、传输介质以及三种主要的通信系统 2.1 The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication We’re living in a digital world, meaning that we’d preferably want to send digital (i.e. two-valued) signals through wires. Wires are pretty much physical, meaning that Mother Nature will probably impose a few constraints here and there. Observation: Signals are not entirely transmitted through a wire as you would expect: 传输介质上是利用电压或电流这些物理量的变化来传送二进制位流。 To understand what’s going on, we need Fourier Analysis. A periodic function with period T (and frequency f = 1/T ), g(t) can be written as: 将电压或电流表示成为时间的单值函数f(t)。这样就可以用数学的方法来描述信号的变化，并对其进行数学分析。 19世纪中叶，法国数学家傅立叶证明，任何正常的周期为T的函数g(t)，都可以由无限个正弦和余弦函数组成。 2.1.2 Bandwidth-Limited Signals Example: 8 bit for ASCII “b” an =1/πn[cos(πn/4) -cos(3πn/4) + cos(6πn/4) -cos(7πn/4)] bn = 1/πn[sin(3πn/4) -sin(πn/4) + sin(7πn/4) -sin(6πn/4)] cn = 3/4 The root mean square amplitudes is (an2 + bn2)1/2. Bandwidth What does this all mean? Digital signal transmission can be thought of as being constructed as an infinite number of periodic analog signals. The quality of transmission is frequency dependent, not all parts of the digital signal get through the wire as you would expect. Digital signal transmission is subject to attenuation衰减, distortion失真, etc. This is partly caused by disallowing high-frequency components to pass through. So