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1. In a short essay, distinguish between managers and leaders. (第九版本第1章) Answer Managers are appointed to their position. Their ability to influence employees is based on the formal authority that is inherent in that position. In contrast, leaders may be appointed but can also emerge from within a work group and are able to influence others for reasons beyond formal authority. A leader goes beyond just being a manager. A leader is defined as someone who can influence others and has managerial authority. 2. In a short essay, list and briefly describe three common communication networks, or patterns of communication, that emerge in organizations. Is any one network preferable to others? If so, why. If not, what factors influence which network is best for a particular situation. (第九版本第11章291页) Answer a. Chain Network—communication flows according to the formal chain of command, both downward and upward. If accuracy is important, the chain network works well. Wheel Network—communication flows between a clearly identifiable and strong leader and others in a work group or team. The leader serves as a hub through which communication passes. If having a strong, identifiable leader is important to the organization or work unit, the wheel network is the best communication network. Accuracy is also very high with the wheel network. All-Channel Network—communication flows freely among all members of a work team. If high member satisfaction is a concern, the all channel network is preferable. 3.In a short essay, differentiate between the symbolic view and the omnipotent view of management. Include specific examples of each view to support your answer.(管理万能或者象征第九版第三章P55) Answer a. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge business executive who can overcome any obstacle in carrying out the organization’s objectives. This omnipotent view isn’t limited to business organizations. It can also be used to help explain th