Lecture 12 - 111609 -Translation.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * Translation elongation Accuracy of protein synthesis The real rate is ~1 x 10-4 Termination of translation in eukaryotes Lodish et al. Molecular Cell Biology Release factors recognize stop codons Speeding up translation Elongation proceeds at 3- 5 AAs per second. Protein synthesis is enhanced by: One mRNA, many ribosomes (polysomes). Ribosome recycling Ribosome recycling Many antibiotics inhibit translation * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Lecture 13 Protein Synthesis Lecture outline Roles of RNA and the genetic code Aminoacylation of tRNAs* Translation: initiation *@ elongation*@ termination@ * fidelity @ rate The roles of RNA in protein synthesis The genetic code: triplet and redundant How was the code cracked? The genetic code is (almost) universal Exceptions to the genetic code………. tRNAs Link codons to amino acids. 30 - 100 tRNA genes per cell. 73 - 93 nt. long. Many post-Tx modifications: polycistronic primary transcript (RNaseP, RNaseD). many unusual bases (5 - 15%) Strong secondary structure (~50% double-stranded). tRNA PROCESSING Removal of 5’ leader and 3’ trailer; order not absolute CCA may be encoded (prok.) or added post-transcriptionally (euk.) Acceptor stem sometimes edited Some tRNAs have introns in the anticodon loop Many nucleotide modifications editing intron Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the cell Modified bases in tRNA tRNA structure Linking tRNA to amino acid…... ……is done by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARS) 20 amino acids 30 - 100 different tRNAs 64 codons (3 stops) 20 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases Each AARS is specific for an amino acid. Can bind multiple tRNAs. Each tRNA is recognized by a specific AARS. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reactions Each tRNA molecule is recognized by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase !!!! !!!! !!!! = proofreading Hydrolytic Editing Translation is a two-step decoding process Nonstandard base pairing between codons and anticodons -- the wobble