第十章+神经系统.pptVIP

Transform of Sleep Phases 1) Sympathetic and parasympathetic “tone”: The two system are continually active 2) Dual innervation: Most of the visceral organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations. 但汗腺、肾上腺髓质、肾脏、皮肤及肌肉的血管平滑肌仅接受交感神经支配。 3) The functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic system are sometimes associated with the status of effectors. (2) Primary function of Autonomic NS Sympathetic Nervous System: “Fight or Flight” Parasympathetic Nervous System: “Rest and Digest” 4) Regulation to the physiological functions of the whole body ?Simple reflexes are integrated here. e.g. defecation and micturation, sweating, angiotasis (血管张力反射), penile erectile reflection (阴茎勃起反射). 2. Central control to visceral action (1) Spinal cord It is the basic center of visceral action. Medulla oblongata is the vital center ? Important regulation on BP, HR, and respiration occur in medulla oblongata. (2) Lower brain stem ? Pupillary light reflex is practiced with the action of midbrain (3) Hypothalamus Hypothalamus is a higher center for the functional integration of visceral and somatic responses. Component： Fiber connection with other brain regions A. Regulation of body temperature – the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) The primary functions of hypothalamus: B. Regulation of water balance– osmoreceptor ADH. C. Regulation of food intake Satiety center: Ventromedial nucleus Feeding center: Ventrolateral nucleus and Amygdala D. Biorhythm – suprachiasmatic nucleus (4) Cerebral cortex control of visceral activities 1) Limbic system Amygdaloid body Hippocampus Cingulate gyus Parahippocampal gyrus Hypothalamus Anterior nucleus of thalamus Septal nucleus Functions of limbic system： Regulation of food intake (insula) Associated with pain, pleasure, and rage (amygdala) Regulation of sexual behavior (septal nucleus) Associated with memory (hippoc