计算机网络第六章.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* Backoff Interval The time spent counting down backoff intervals is a part of MAC overhead Choosing a large cw leads to large backoff intervals and can result in larger overhead Choosing a small cw leads to a larger number of collisions (when two nodes count down to 0 simultaneously) 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* Since the number of nodes attempting to transmit simultaneously may change with time, some mechanism to manage contention is needed IEEE 802.11 DCF: contention window cw is chosen dynamically depending on collision occurrence Backoff Interval 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* Binary Exponential Backoff in DCF When a node fails to receive CTS in response to its RTS, it increases the contention window cw is doubled (up to an upper bound) When a node successfully completes a data transfer, it restores cw to Cwmin cw follows a sawtooth curve 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* Avoiding collisions (more) idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS using CSMA RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short) BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS CTS heard by all nodes sender transmits data frame other stations defer transmissions avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets! 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange AP A B time RTS(A) RTS(B) RTS(A) CTS(A) CTS(A) DATA (A) ACK(A) ACK(A) reservation collision defer 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-* frame control duration address 1 address 2 address 4 address 3 payload CRC 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4 seq control 802.11 frame: addressing Address 2: MAC address of wireless host or AP transmitting this frame Address 1: MAC address of wireless h