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*College Physics----by Dr.H.Huang, Department of Applied Physics Hong Kong Polytechnic University Electrical Charge Some Concepts: Electrical charge (电荷); Electric field (电场); Electric current (电流); Conductor (导体); Semiconductor (半导体); Insulator (绝缘体); Superconductor (超导体); Two Fundamental Properties of Electrical Charge: Charge is quantized: ; Charge is conserved: Electrostatic Force: permittivity constant (介电常数): Note that this satisfies Newtons third law because it implies that exactly the same magnitude of force acts on q2 . Coulombs law is a vector equation and includes the fact that the force acts along the line joining the charges. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Coulombs law describes a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force. Shell Theorem: A shell of uniform charge attracts or repels a charged particle that is outside the shell as if all the shell’s charge were concentrated at its center. A shell of uniform charge exerts no electrostatic force on a charged particle that is located inside the shell. Electrical Charge Spherical Conductors: If excess charge is placed on a spherical shell that is made of conducting material, the excess charge spreads uniformly over the external surface. Example: The figure shows two particles fixed in a place: a particle of charge q1=+8q at the origin of an x axis and a particle of charge q2=-2q at x=L. At what point (other than infinitely far away) can a proton be placed so that it is in equilibrium? Is that equilibrium stable or unstable? Solution: Example: The arrangement of six fixed charged particles, where ?=30?, is shown. All six particles have the same magnitude of charge q; their electrical signs are as indicated. What is the net electrostatic force acting on q1 due to the other charges? Solution: 0 Electrical Charge Example: Two identical, electrically isolated conducting spheres