2013年9月28日托福阅读真题解析.docVIP

2013年9月28日托福阅读真题解析 第一篇 TOPIC 日本建筑 讲之前日本统治者ruler的建筑经常腐坏，所以每隔一段时期就要搬迁，会再使用一些材料，同时也换掉一些材料。后来日本统治者的东西和人越来越多，搬迁会比较花钱costy，他们就模仿中国的建筑，改用石质材料延长建筑使用期。这种改变更体现统治者的权力等级。然后说他们在传统和变革之间做出妥协，部分宗教建筑保持传统，其他模仿中国。 解析：本文主要讲述日本建筑历史变化，涉及到历史和文化相关话题。这类话题在托福阅读中考察较少，但内容并不难。从文章结构看，全文按日本建筑特点变化演变，故应注意把握前后之间的变化。下文涉及日本建筑的特征，请广大考生阅读参考。 General features of Japanese traditional architecture The roof is the dominant feature of traditional Japanese architecture. Much in the traditional architecture of Japan is not native, but was imported from China and other Asian cultures over the centuries. Japanese traditional architecture and its history are as a consequence dominated by Chinese and Asian techniques and styles (present even in Ise Shrine, held to be the quintessence of Japanese architecture) on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other. Partly due also to the variety of climates in Japan and the millennium encompassed between the first cultural import and the last, the result is extremely heterogeneous, but several practically universal features can nonetheless be found. First of all is the choice of materials, always wood in various forms (planks, straw, tree bark, paper, etc.) for almost all structures. Unlike both Western and some Chinese architecture, the use of stone is avoided except for certain specific uses, for example temple podia and pagoda foundations. The general structure is almost always the same: posts and lintels support a large and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and in any case non-carrying. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave curves are gentler than in China and columnar entasis (convexity at the center) limited. The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size of the whole edifice. The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond the walls, covering verandas, and their weight must therefore be supported by complex bracket systems called tokyō, i