第8章平面等参元2011.pptVIP

the invariance of the strain energy density is That strain energy density may be expressed as Here En is a stress-strain matrix that relates natural stresses to natural strains as (natural constitutive matrix) Strain, stress, and material property transformation 等参表示 (The Isoparametric Representation) Isoparametric representation of triangular elements. isoparametric element (“iso” means equal), often abbreviated to iso-P element. The key idea is to use the shape functions to represent both the element geometry and the problem unknowns. The terms isoparametric and superparametric were introduced by Irons and coworkers at Swansea in 1966. superparametric (超参数单元): If element geometry and element displacements are not treated equally. GENERAL ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION For n nodes element Geometric relations: Displacement interpolation: combined in matrix form: examples (1) The Linear Triangle (2D, 3 nodes) (2) The Quadratic Triangle (2D, 6 nodes) The element may have parabolically(抛物线) curved sides defined by the location of the midnodes 4, 5 and 6. Quadrilateral Coordinates and Iso-P Mappings The natural coordinates for a quadrilateral element are ξ andη (quadrilateral coordinates) These coordinates vary from ?1 to +1. Cartesian coordinates {ξ, η} plane is called the reference plane. All quadrilateral elements in the reference plane become a square of side 2, called the reference element. The transformation between {ξ, η} and {x, y} is called the isoparametric mapping. The Bilinear(双线性) Quadrilateral (2D, 4 nodes) vary linearly on lines ξ = const and η = const The Baiquadratic(双二次) Quadrilateral (9 nodes) 作业: 写出其余4个形函数。 These functions vary quadratically(二次) along the coordinate lines ξ = const and η = const. The shape function associated with the internal node 9 is called a bubble function in the FEM literature. the eight-node quadrilateral. 思考题：写出8个节点的形函数. COMPLETENESS PROPERTIES OF ISO-P ELEMENTS Completeness Analysis A set of shape functions is complete for plan