MankiwEconomicsChap08中山大学吴柏林教授“曼昆·经济学原理”绝密资料.ppt

* 22 * 22 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * * * * Summary Taxes have a deadweight loss because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less. This change in behavior shrinks the size of the market below the level that maximizes total surplus. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Summary As a tax grows larger, it distorts incentives more, and its deadweight loss grows larger. Tax revenue first rises with the size of a tax. Eventually, however, a larger tax reduces tax revenue because it reduces the size of the market. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Graphical Review Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. The Effects of a Tax... Price 0 Quantity Quantity without tax Supply Demand Price without tax Price buyers pay Quantity with tax Size of tax Price sellers receive Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Tax Revenue... Price 0 Quantity Quantity without tax Supply Demand Price sellers receive Quantity with tax Size of tax (T) Quantity sold (Q) Tax Revenue (T x Q) Price buyers pay Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. How a Tax Affects Welfare... Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Q1 A B C F D E Q2 Tax reduces consumer surplus by (B+C) and producer surplus by (D+E) Tax revenue = (B+D) Deadweight Loss = (C+E) Price buyers pay = PB P1 Price without tax = PS Price sellers receive = Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. The Deadweight Loss... Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Q1 PB Price = P1 without tax PS Q2 Size of tax Lost gains from trade Cost to sellers Value to buyers Reduction in quantit