2015年1月11日托福阅读真题2015年1月11日托福阅读真题.docVIP

2015年1月11日托福阅读真题 　ing conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavorable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought or reduced food availability. Diapause is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes. (Diapause does not occur in embryos of the viviparous and ovoviviparous species of Cyprinodontiformes.) 　　Diapause is not only induced in an organism by specific stimuli or conditions, but once it is initiated, only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause. The latter feature is essential in distinguishing diapause as a different phenomenon from other forms of dormancy such as stratification, and hibernation. 　　Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrations, such as the adult Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. In cases where the insect remains active, feeding is reduced and reproductive development is slowed or halted. 　　第二篇： 　　版本一：birdsong总觉得某场考试考过但是题好像不一样。讲拿一种C开头的鸟作实验，发现它们在很小的时候就可以记住一些song并且8周后能准确的唱出来。就算把它们隔离开来也能，说明是genetic?后来讲鸟只唱自己species的song，有一些是向live tutor学的 后面不记得了 　　版本二：看到的时候以为时加试好开心结果。。。 　　P1 做了个实验，把一种c鸟从出生就隔离，于是它的叫声和其他野生的都不一样，推测鸟鸣和鸟的社交有关， 　　P2 鸟只能发出自己种类的鸟的叫声?因为有种constrain?然后探究这个constrain是基因导致还是环境使然?两种都有，基因方面，p1中那个鸟，从小就被隔离发的声音跟其他野生动物差别不大，有很多共同点，环境方面举了个另外的鸟的例子，具体记不得了。有个说还是p1中的那个鸟，依然隔离，但是从小给他放他野生小伙伴的叫声，然后他的叫声和野生小伙伴的就没差，而另外有的就不行，只能跟活的小伙伴学! 　　后面还有两段还是一段完全失忆…做这篇的时候就觉得很不喜欢，不嗨森 解析：本文依然属于生物学文章，关注的是动物行为。具体内容涉及到鸟类学习叫声的不同理论，从机经判断属于实验型文章，在阅读过程中，学员需要额外关注实验结论，理清不同理论的观点，以及优缺点，如果有的话。 　　参考阅读： 　　Auditory and Motor Phase 　　Similar to human speech development, song learning is a two-stage process (Figure 2). Birds first memorize a tutor song and form an auditory memory, or template, in their brain (sensory phas