计算机网络与互联网(英语)chap16.ppt

Flow Control Needed because Sending computer system faster than receiving computer Sending application faster than receiving application Protocols use flow control mechanisms through which receiver can control rate of data transmission Related to buffering Two forms Stop-and-go (简单停等) Sliding window (滑动窗口) Stop-And-Go Flow Control Sending Side Transmits one packet Waits for signal from receiver Receiving side Receives and consumes packets Transmits signal to sender Can be very inefficient of network bandwidth if delivery time is large frame i ACK i frame I+1 frame i+2 ACK i+2 frame i+3 frame i+33 ACK i+3 发送方 接收方 ACKi+1 超时 超时 帧丢失 重发 ACK丢失 重发 frame i+2 ACK i+3 Example Network:a packet size of 1000 octets, a throughput capacity of 2 Mbps, a delay of 50 millisecond The hardware can transport 2 Mbps from one computer to another After transmitting a packet, the sender must wait 100 msec before sending another packet(50 msec for the packet to reach the receiver and 50 msec for an acknowledgement to travel back) The maximum rate at which data can be sent using stop-and-go is one packet every 100 millisecond When expressed as a bit rate, the maximum rate stop-and-go can achieved is 80,000bps,which is only 4% of the hardware capacity Sliding Window Flow Control Allows sender to transmit multiple packets before receiving an acknowledgment Number of packets that can be sent is defined by the protocol and called the window As acknowledgments arrive from the receiver, the window is moved along the data packets; hence sliding window Sliding Window Flow Control Receiving side Establishes multiple buffers and informs sender Sending side Transmits packets for all available buffers Only waits if no signal arrives before transmission Receiving side Sends signals as packets arrive Illustration of SlidingWindow on Sending Side Window tells how many packets can be sent Window moves as acknowledgements arrive Comparison of Flow Control Stop-and-go Slow Useful only in special cases S