罗尔斯 正义论.docVIP

社会公平与教育公平的理想_____-罗尔斯的《正义论》及其教育公平观 正义的乌托邦______罗尔斯《正义论》 正义是社会制度的首要价值，正像真理是思想体系的首要价值一样。 正义是分配公民基本权利和义务、划分由社会合作产生的利益和负担的主要制度。 理论是理想性质的，不涉及任何现实的制度和政策，主要探讨“法律被严格服从”“组织良好的社会”的正义理论，建构正义的乌托邦。 一，罗尔斯的生平 约翰·罗尔斯，John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) 1，1921年出生于马里兰的巴尔的摩。John Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland. 1939年，进入普林斯顿大学，期间，对神学产生浓厚兴趣，一度想成为一名圣公会牧师。 Upon graduation in 1939, Rawls attended Princeton University, and was elected to the The Ivy Club. During his last two years at Princeton he “became deeply concerned with theology and its doctrines”. 1943年，大学毕业，进入美国军队，曾在南太平洋参加二战。1946年退役，回到普林斯顿攻读道德哲学的博士学位。In 1943, he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree and joined the Army. During World War II, Rawls served as an infantryman in the Pacific. 1950年获得博士学位后，留校任教，然后到英国牛津访学两年，期间结识伯林与哈特。 After earning his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1950, Rawls taught there until 1952, when he received a Fulbright Fellowship to Oxford University (Christ Church), where he was influenced by the liberal political theorist and historian Isaiah Berlin and the legal theorist H.L.A. Hart. 回到美国后，先后任教于康奈尔大学与麻省理工，1962年进入哈佛大学，并一直在该校任教40年。After returning to the United States, he served first as an assistant and then associate professor at Cornell University. In 1962, he became a full professor of philosophy at Cornell, and soon achieved a tenured position at MIT. In 1962 he moved to Harvard University 7，1995年，患中风，坚持完成《万民法》，2002年去世。Rawls suffered the first of several strokes in 1995, which severely impeded his ability to continue working. Nevertheless, he was still able to complete a work entitled The Law of Peoples, which contains the most complete statement of his views on international justice, before his death in November 2002. 二，罗尔斯的主要思想 正义是原初状态下人们在契约的基础上自愿的选择 正义的客观环境 各方的主观动机和理性 知识的限制——无知之幕 无知之幕+相互冷淡胜过仁爱+知识的假设 1，原初状态与无知之幕(the veil of ignorance) （1）原初状态的提出，如同霍布斯提出的自然状态，是一种假设状态。 The original position is a hypothetical situation developed by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought expe