NetworkEngineeringEnglish-Assignment1-Layers..docVIP

Layers in the TCP/IP Model 在TCP/IP模型中的层次 The layers near the top are logically closer to the user application, while those near the bottom are logically closer to the physical transmission of the data. TCP/IP中顶端的层次在逻辑上与用户的应用程序联系非常紧密，而低端的层次逻辑上与数据的物理传输有紧密的关系。 Viewing layers as providing or consuming a service is a method of abstraction to isolate upper layer protocols from the detail of transmitting bits over, for example, Ethernet and collision detection, while the lower layers avoid having to know the details of each and every application and its protocol. 当低层次拒绝获得每个用户应用程序与其协议时，可以把层次关系当做提供或消耗一项服务是抽象隔离从传输数据的细节中体现的较高的层次协议的方法，例如，以太网和冲突检测。 This abstraction also allows upper layers to provide services that the lower layers cannot, or choose not to, provide. 这种做法同样可以使较高的层次提供较低层次不能或选择不能提供的服务。 Again, the original OSI Reference Model was extended to include connectionless services. 除此之外，新颖的开放式系统互连参考模型可以被扩展到包括无连接的服务。 For example, IP is not designed to be reliable and is a best effort delivery protocol. 比如，IP协议没有被设计成值得依赖的协议，但它是最有成就的的传送协议。 This means that all transport layer implementations must choose whether or not to provide reliability and to what degree. 这意味着所有的运输层次的实现都必须选择是否提供可靠性和所能提供的程度。 UDP provides data integrity (via a checksum) but does not guarantee delivery; TCP provides both data integrity and delivery guarantee (by retransmitting until the receiver acknowledges the reception of the packet). UDP协议保证数据的完整性（通过一个校验码）但并不保证是否传送；TCP协议既能提供数据的完整性又能保证数据的发送（通过中继直到接收方确定收到接受的数据包）。 Link Layer（链路层） The Link Layer is the networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. 链路层是指本地网络到每一台被连接主机的网络范围。 This regime is called the link in Internet literature. 这种制度在互联网术语中称作连接。 This is the lowest component layer of the Internet protocols, as TCP/IP is designed to be hardware independent. 它在网络协议中是最低级的层次成分，而TCP/IP协议是与硬件无关的。 As a result TCP/IP has been implemented on top of virtually any hardware networking technology in existence. 结果TCP/IP事实上已经被实现在现有任何硬