爱默生(全英文).docVIP

Ralph?Waldo?Emerson?(May?25, 1803 –?April?27, 1882)?was?anAmerican?philosopher,?essayist,?and?poet,?best?remembered?forleading?the?Transcendentalist?movement?of?the?mid-19thcentury.?His?teachings?directly?influenced?the?growing?NewThought?movement?of?the?mid-1800s.?He?was?seen?as?a?champion?of?individualism?and?a?prescientcritic?of?the?countervailing?pressures?of?society. Emerson?gradually?moved?away?from?the?religious?and?social?beliefs?of?his?contemporaries,formulating?and?expressing?the?philosophy?of?Transcendentalism?in?his?1836?essay,?Nature.?As?aresult?of?this?ground-breaking?work?he?gave?a?speech?entitled?The?American?Scholar?in?1837,?whichOliver?Wendell?Holmes,?Sr.?considered?to?be?Americas?Intellectual?Declaration?of?Independence.Considered?one?of?the?great?orators?of?the?time,?Emersons?enthusiasm?and?respect?for?hisaudience?enraptured?crowds.?His?support?for?abolitionism?late?in?life?created?controversy,?and?attimes?he?was?subject?to?abuse?from?crowds?while?speaking?on?the?topic.?When?asked?to?sum?uphis?work,?he?said?his?central?doctrine?was?the?infinitude?of?the?private?man. Literary?career?and?Transcendentalism Emerson?and?other?like-minded?intellectuals?founded?the?Transcendental?Club,?which?served?as?acenter?for?the?movement.?Its?first?official?meeting?was?held?on?September?19, 1836.?Emersonanonymously?published?his?first?essay,?Nature,?in?September?1836.?A?year?later,?on?August?31, 1837,?Emerson?delivered?his?now-famous?Phi?Beta?Kappa?address, The?American?Scholar,?thenknown?as?An?Oration,?Delivered?before?the?Phi?Beta?Kappa?Society?at?Cambridge;?it?was?renamedfor?a?collection?of?essays?in?1849.?In?the?speech,?Emerson?declared?literary?independence?in?theUnited?States?and?urged?Americans?to?create?a?writing?style?all?their?own?and?free?from?Europe.James?Russell?Lowell,?who?was?a?student?at?Harvard?at?the?time,?called?it?an?event?without?formerparallel?on?our?literary?annals.?Another?member?of?the?audience,?Reverend?John?Pierce,?called?itan?apparently?