德国古典哲学的求索.docVIP

德国古典哲学的求索虽然德国启蒙运动的开展是在英法等国之后进行的，当德国开始进行时，英国的启蒙运动己经结束了，法国也已经到了后期，但是，康德的启蒙思想并不落后。康德关于历史的主要著作比孔多塞的《人类精神进步史表及其纲要》还要早十年。有人说，康德既是启蒙运动的完成者，又是启蒙运动的征服者。康德的历史哲学，既代表着启蒙运动的高峰，又开启了以后几个世代的哲学思维方式的变化。他对法国大革命的基本原则:自由、平等、博爱以及启蒙运动的理想:理性、幸福、和平都有着康德式的论述。The German enlightenment is conducted after many countries such as Britain and France. Although when Germany began, the British enlightenment has ended and France was also going to end. However, Kants thoughts of enlightenment are not backward. The publishing of Kant’s major works on history is ten years earlier than Condorcet’s the development of the human spirit table and its outline. Some people think that Kant is not only the accomplisher of the enlightenment, but also the conqueror of the enlightenment. Kants philosophy of history not only represents the peak of the enlightenment but also guide the change of mode of philosophical thinking several generations later. All of his basic principles of the French revolution: freedom, equality, fraternity and ideal of the enlightenment: rational, happiness, peace were stated in the way of Kant. 康德同伏尔泰、杜尔哥、孔多塞等启蒙思想家在一些基本的观点上是一致的，那就是他们都把人类历史的发展看作是人类理性与自由的进步的过程，而且最终理性会导人类走向至善。用康德的话来说就是走向永久和平的公民社会。康德“以启蒙运动的真正风格，把以往的历史看作是人类之非理性的一幕，并且期待着一种理性生活的乌托邦。”同时，康德又提出了比其他启蒙思想家更为深刻的思想，那就是关于人类历史进程的目的论的思想。康德没有象维科和孔多塞那样把人类的历史划分为三个时代或十个时期，但是这并没有妨碍康德对他们观点的继承性或相似性。Some of Kant’s basic views are consistent with Voltaire, Turgot, Condorcet and other enlightenment thinkers. That is they all consider the development of human history is the progress of human and freedom in the process. And rationality will eventually lead human to supreme kindness. In Kants words is to a civil society of permanent peace. Kant believes that the true style of the enlightenment, the history of the past as the human irrational act, and look forward to the utopia as a rational life. At the same time, Kant put forward a more profound though again than other enlightenment thinkers, which is about the human history of skopos theory. Kant did n