病原生物与免疫学复习病原生物与免疫学复习.docx

病原生物与免疫学期末复习免疫学部分Immunity(免疫学):The study of the way how the body defends itself against invading organisms or internal invaders(tumors).是机体免疫系统识别与排除抗原性异物的一种功能。Antigen(抗原)：A substance that is able to provoke an adaptive immune response (antibody or effector T cell); and combine with the products of that response.是指能与T、B淋巴细胞表面特异性抗原受体（TCR或BCR）结合，激活T/B细胞增殖、分化、产生效应淋巴细胞或抗体，并与之特异性结合，从而发挥免疫效应的物质。Complete antigen（完全抗原）：Substances that have both immunogenicity and immunoreactivity.具有免疫原性和抗原性的抗原。Hapten（半抗原）：Substances that have immunoreactivity, but lack of immunogenicity.只有抗原性而没有免疫原性的物质。Epitope（抗原表位）：Epitope is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.指存在于抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团，又称决定簇。（为抗原分子中能与TCR/BCR及抗体特异性结合的最基本单位。）Forssman（异嗜性抗原）：It is a kind of common antigen in different kinds of organisms.是一类与种属特异性无关，存在于不同种系生物间的共同抗原。Antibodies（抗体）:Antibodies are the antigen-binding proteins present on the B-cell membrane and secreted by plasma cells.是B细胞识别抗原后活化、增殖分化为浆细胞，由浆细胞合成和分泌的能与相应抗原发生特异性结合的球蛋白。Immunoglobulins（免疫球蛋白）：Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen(免疫原)and which function as antibodies.将具有抗体活性或化学结构与抗体相似的球蛋白统一命名为免疫球蛋白。Complement system（补体系统）:The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, generally synthesized by the liver, and normally circulating as inactive precursors.是存在于人和脊椎动物血清、组织液和细胞膜表面的一组具有酶活性的蛋白质，包括30余种可溶性蛋白和膜结合蛋白。Cytokine（细胞因子）：Low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by various types of cells and exerting biological activities through binding to cognate receptors on cell surface.是主要由活化的免疫细胞或间质细胞所合成、分泌的多肽类活性分子，是一类重要的生物应答调节剂。IFN（干扰素）：It is the first discovered cytokine, designated as IFN based on its capability of interfering infection and replication of viruses.是最早发现的细胞因子，具有干扰病毒感染和复制的能力，故称为干扰素。Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)（主要组织相容性复合体）：MHC is an extended genetic locus, containing closely-linked genes,