[财政学英文课件chapter3公共收入.pptVIP

Chapter 3Measuring the Size and Scope of Government Chapter outline 1．The Challenge of Comparisons 2．Federal Government Revenue and Spending 3．State and Local Revenue and Spending 4．How Big Should Government Be? 5．What Makes Government Grow? 6．Constraining the Growth of Government 1．The Challenge of Comparisons ①Population Growth and Inflation ②Differences in Income, Wealth, or Special ③Incomplete Data Conditions The size of government is measured by revenues ,spending,deficits,and debt. To make valid comparisons between time periods, or between states,cities,and countries,some figures have to be adjusted for inflation and for increases in population. A method of adjusting for inflation is to compare the growth of revenues or spending to the growth of personal income. Adjustment for increases in population can be done directly,by putting all figures in per capita terms,or indirectly,by expressing data for all years as a percentage of personal income or of GDP. The case P39 Some states may enjoy substantial revenues from natural resources. Percentage of income figures are better for making comparisons within a state or nation and between states and nations over time. 2．Federal Government Revenue and Spending fisical years are referred to by the ending data. Unified budget refers to the total of both budget funds and off-budget funds. Reported deficits usually refer to the unified budget. ①Trends in Federal Revenue: Levels and Composition Overall federal revenues have grown at a rate of 5.8%per year since 1989,and on-budget revenues only 2.8% a year over the same time period,while personal income grew at an average rate of 5.8% .per year. Total federal revenue has been growing at about the same rate as personal income,more slowly if the trust funds are not included. Federal revenue as a share of GDP has been relatively stable during the last 50 years.The individual income tax and Social Security taxes are the main sources of federal revenue. ? ②Tren