l生物专业英语3.pptVIP

(八)抽象与具体(Abstract VS Concrete) 英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。英语的抽象表达法主要见于大量使用抽象名词。这类名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“曲”、“隐”，的特色，便于用来表达复杂的思考和微妙的情绪。 The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration. = it is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified. 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。 There seems to hart been an absena of attempt at conciliation between rival sects. = the sects seem never even to have tried mutual conciliation.对立派似乎从来没有试图去谋求和解。 No year passes now without epidemic of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. = Every year shrives again how trace it is that…) 行政管理工作已改变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。 抽象表达法在英语里使用得相当普遍，尤其常用于社会科学论著、官方文章、报刊评论、法律文书、商业信件等文件。这种表达法得以流行，还有以下几个主要原因： Ⅰ、抽象思维被以为是一种高级思维（superior mind）,是文明人的一种象征（mark of vivified man）. 随着科技的发达和文明社会的进步，原有的感性表达方式已不足以表达复杂的理性概念，因而需要借助于抽象、概括的方法。此外，许多作者为了显耀其思想深奥而故弄玄虚、追随时尚，也嗜好抽象表达法。 1）The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (No news is good news)没有消息即表明有令人满意的进度。 2）Was this the realization of an anticipated liability? (=Did you expect you would have to do this?) 你有没有预料到你必须做这件事? 3)The actual date of the completion of the purchase should coincide with the availability of the new facilities. (= The purchase should not be completed until the new facilities are cwailable)必须等到有了这些准备，才能购买这些货。 4)A high degree of carelessness, pre-operative and post-operative, on the part of some of the hospital staff, took place. (= some of the hospital staff were very careless both before and after the operation)医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常担心。 5)The lack of figures. May prove to be an obstacle to the efficiency of the whole of the proposed statistical con tent of the exercise. (= Lack of figures may make it difficult to produce accurate statistics.).缺乏数据会使准确的统计变得很困难。 Ⅱ 、 抽象词语定义模糊，便于掩饰作者含混（cloudy）或真实的思想，以迎合其某种表达的需要，现在过分使用含义抽象、内容虚泛、语气庄严的大字眼（pompons words），有时简单到了装腔作势，令人难以捉摸的地步。 Ⅲ 、英语