专八考试知识语言学部分..docVIP

语言学部分 语言与语言学 1, which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language ? (2005) A. arbitrariness. B. productivity. C. cultural transmission. D. finiteness. 考点: 语言的区别性特征（design features） 记忆：CD PAD. Cultural transmission. Displacement. Productivity (creativity). Arbitrariness. Duality. 2. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _____. (2006) A. Halliday. B. Chomsky. C. Bloomfield D. Saussure. 考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对儿概念的区分。 记忆：四对概念分别是：descriptive prescriptive. Synchronic diachronic. Langue Parole. Competence performance. 代表人物：Saussure对应parole Langue。 Chomsky对应 Competence performance 3. language is a tool of communication. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010) A. an expressive function. B. an informative function. C. a performative function. D. a persuasive function. 考点：语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功能。 语音学和音位学 此部分尚未在历年真题中出现。 考点和记忆：语音学（phonetics）的三大分支：发音语音学（articulatory phonetics）听觉语音学（auditory phonetics）声音语音学（acoustic phonetics） 辅音和元音的区别在于：有无气流的阻碍（the obstruction of air stream） 辅音描述：根据发声位置的描述：双唇音bilabials: p b m. 唇齿音 labialdentals: f v. 齿音dentals: . 齿龈音 aveolars: t d s z n l。 软腭音 velors: k g n. 声门音glottal：h 根据发声特征的描述：爆破音stops、鼻爆破 nasals、边音 laterals、 摩擦音 fricatives、 破擦音 affricates. 几个重要概念： 最小对立体minimal pairs: when two different forms are identical expect for one sound segment in the same place. The two words are said to form a minimal pair. 例如：man和men。 音位变体allophones: the different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophones. 例如：lady 和 well。 Sit 和 besides 形态学 ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007) A. phonology. B. morphology. C. semantics. D. sociolinguistics. 考点：形态学的定义。 记忆：词的分类：语法词（功能词）grammatical words（functional words）和词汇词lexical words, 区别：前者表达语法意义grammatical meaning, 例如 连介冠代。后者有具体词义lexical meaning 例如 名动形副。 构词法：新创词Invention 如 Codak。混成法 blending 如 sitco