07环境概论第7讲[精].pptVIP

* * Mineral reserves—mineral deposits that have been identified and are currently profitable to extract Mineral resources—any undiscovered mineral deposits or known deposits of low-grade ore that are currently unprofitable to extract The combination of a mineral’s reserves and resources is its total resources or world reserve base. Estimates fluctuate with economic, technological, and political changes. Table values calculated by dividing the estimate of mineral reserves by the annual production. * * * * To date, no substantial mineral deposits have been found in Antarctica An international agreement, the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty aka Madrid Protocol, was established in 1990. It includes a moratorium on mineral exploration and development for a minimum of 50 years. * Currently sodium chloride, bromine, and magnesium are profitably extracted from ocean. Small rocks the size of potatoes that contain manganese and other minerals like copper, cobalt, and nickel are widespread on ocean floor, particularly in Pacific. Too expensive to extract with current technology. * Biomining—microorganisms are used to extract minerals from low-grade ores. For example, when mixed with sulfuric acid, a bacterium promotes a chemical reaction that leaches copper into an acidic solution, releasing larger quantities of the metal more efficiently than traditional methods. * * Sustainable manufacturing—a manufacturing system based on industrial waste minimization For example, some chemical companies buy used aluminum wastes from other companies and convert the aluminum in the wastes to aluminum sulfate, a chemical used to treat municipal water supplies. Some companies are reluctant to reveal the wastes they produce. The decrease in weight of products over time is dematerialization. Seems to reduce waste, but may create more if items are of lower quality and must be replaced more often. * Sustainable manufacturing—a manufacturing system based on industrial