3_建模_精简 (2)).pptVIP

Chapter 2 Overview of the Operations Research Modeling Approach The usual phases of an OR study is the following: Define the problem of interest and gather relevant data. Formulate a mathematical model to represent the problem. Develop a computer-based procedure for deriving solutions to the problem from the model. Test the model and refine it as needed. Prepare for the ongoing application of the model as prescribed by management. Implement 2.1 Defining the Problem and Gathering Data Most practical problems are described in a vague, imprecise way. Problem definition How to ascertain appropriate objectives Identify the members of management who actually will be making the decisions and probe into this individual’s thinking regarding the pertinent objectives. Concern with the entire organization rather than that of only certain of its components For Example: For profit-making organizations: the objective may be: In actual practice, a number of U.S. Corporations tends to adopt the goal of satisfied profits, combine with other objectives. Gathering Relevant Data about the Problem Because: to gain an accurate understanding of the problem to provide the needed input for the mathematical model To install a computer-based management information system to collect the necessary data on an ongoing basis and in the needed form. To enlist the assistance of individuals in the organization to track down all the vital data. To spend considerable time to improve the precision of the data. Discussion 1: An OR study done for the San Francisco Police Department, resulted in the development of a computerized system for optimally scheduling and deploying police patrol officers. The new system provided annual savings of $11 million, an annual $3 million increase in traffic citation revenues, and a 20 percent improvement in response times. Objects In assessing the appropriate objectives for this study, three fundamental objectives were identified: 1. Maintain a high level of cit