中国地质大学(武汉)环境化学08 Water Pollution[精选].pptVIP

Chapter Eight Water Pollution Oxygen Consuming Wastes Plant Nutrients Water Pollution General types of water pollutants Types of Trace Elements Pesticides General types of water pollutants Disease-causing agents (Pathogens，病原体) Oxygen-consuming agents Plant nutrients Toxic substances Heavy metals Pesticides Dissolved solids Acids Suspended solids and sediments Oil Radioactive substances (Radionuclides) Heat (thermal pollution) Types of Trace Elements Heavy metals – transition metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, etc.) and a few representative elements (Sn, Pb). Metalloids – As, Se, B, Sb. Non-metals – S, I, F. Heavy Metals of Particular Concern Cadmium – Used in galvanization(电镀) process (like zinc). Replaces zinc in key enzymes, extremely toxic. Paldiski Bay in Estonia contains up to 62.5 g/kg Cd. Lead Used as tetraethyl lead in gasoline as anti-knocking agent until the ’80s – still used in developing countries. U.S. children between 1-5 with lead levels above 10 mg/dL standard: White children: 85% in 1976 to 6% in 1992. Black children: 98% in 1976 to 21% in 1992. Mercury Metal with most concern due to mobility of methylated forms. Anaerobic bacteria convert HgCl2 – CH3HgCl and (CH3)2Hg. Both methylated forms are fat soluble and concentrate 1000x in each trophic level. Hgo is only volatile metal -- atmospheric transport. Tragic effects of point source Hg Minamata Bay, Japan, 2,265 official Hg poisoning victims from eating seafood 1953-1960.(水俣,日本) Chisso Corp. used Hg as catalyst to make acetaldehyde for plastics. Concentration in fish ~5-20 ppm, now 0.4 ppm. Many more potential Hg victims Health standard was originally 50 ppm in human hair. New study shows that 10 ppm could cause neurological damage. May increase number of victims seeking retribution to 2 million. Subtle(微妙的) effects of long-range transport of Hg Rock typically contains 80 ppb Hg. Because of metal-attracting humic substances, coal contains ~ 100 ppb. Volatile Hg carried around globe. Arctic spring causes ra