语言学导论-英文版[精选].pptVIP

研究方法 Methods to carry out studies 1. 共时/历时Synchronicity/ Diachronicity. Contrastive study of certain phenomenon in the same period, Modern to modern, ancient to ancient. 2. 描述/解释Explanation/description. CA not merely finds the differences between languages but gives explanation 3.演绎/归纳Deduction/induction. CA not only lists examples and facts to draw a conclusion, but also put forward a propose and try to illustrate. 4. 实证/思辩Statistics/Analysis. Conclusion is drawn on the basis of statistical study not merely few cases and examples 1. 共时/历时 1）Synchronic intralingual 语言内共时 心疼/ 胃疼 鸡吃了/ 人吃了 John is easy to please. John is eager to please. 2）Diachronic intralingual 语言内历时 Old English(450 to 1150) Middle English (1150-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1700) Modern English (1700-) No English language in Britain before 450AD There German tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, the Anglo-Saxon stock of words make 30% of the English vocabulary. The native elements, the loan elements, Latin, Greek, French From Synthetic to Analytic easier—more easy Who did you see? From SOV to SVO Barber(1993)As the inflectional system decayed, other devices were increasingly used to replace it. For one thing, word-order became more important: inflections were increasingly incapable of showing which nouns was the subject of the sentence, and which the object, and this function was taken over by the use of the SVO word order. Old Chinese (500BC—700AD) Middle Chinese(701AD--1900), Modern Chinese(1901---present) 古代汉语 现代汉语 古代汉语现代汉语 污 弄脏 砸 打破 腆 挺起 坑 害苦 摧 折断 视 看见 闭 做完 涨 升高 Comparison and Contrast 3）Synchronic interlingual 语言间共时 打碎玻璃/broke the window；劈开木头 chop the wood； 加深危机 deepen the crisis； 澄清事实 clarify the fact 缩小差距 narrow the gap; 打扫房间 dust the room； 客人来了。 The guest 来客人了。 A