天气及气候优秀培训书.pptVIP

* * Weather and Climate 天氣及氣候 What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time at any one place. Climate refers to the average conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time (usually more than 30 years) at any one place. Elements of Climate Temperature Pressure Wind Precipitation Air Temperature Heat balance of the Earth The sun is the main source of heat for the Earth After insolation reaches the Earth, heat is released and transferred from the Earth’s surface through radiation, conduction, convection and advection Direction of prevailing wind Latitude Distance from the sea Ocean Current Altitude Aspect Cloud cover Nature of the ground Length of the day Tempearture is affected by Latitude High Low small angle of incidence of insolation insolation has to pass through a thicker layer of clouds lower intensity of sunlight larger of incidence of i angle nsolation insolation has to pass through a thinner layer of clouds higher intensity of sunlight Lower temperature Higher temperature Altitude High Low The lower density of air and dust particles traps less heat The higher density of air and dust particles traps more heat Lower temperature Higher temperature Altitude Temperature inversion - temperature increases with increasing altitude - it occurs when warm wind blows over cold wind - it also occurs when there is a rapid loss of heat from the Earth’s surface due to radiation at night Aspect Refers to the direction of a slope faces Sun-facing slopes receive more insolation than shaded slopes Effect of aspect on temperature is obvious in temperature areas Nature of surface Nature of surface Land Sea bare forested Greatest diurnal and annual range of temperature lower diurnal and annual range of temperature than bare ground Lowest diurnal and annual range of temperature as sea heats up and cools down slower than land Cloud cover