shortversion7.conservationofenergy短版7.能量守恒.pptVIP

Short Version : 7. Conservation of Energy短版: 7. 能量守恆 7.1. Conservative Non-conservative Forces守恆和非守恆力 F is conservative if 如果每條密閉路徑 C 都是 for every closed path C. F 便是守恆的。 is path-independent 與路徑無關 i.e., is path-dependent 由路徑决定 ? WAB WBA + WAB = 0 ? WAB = ? WBA = WAB F is non-conservative if there is a closed path C such that 如果有一條密閉路徑 C 是 F 便是非守恆的。 WBA WAB Mathematica Example: Work done on climber by gravity重力對爬山者所作功 Going up 上山時 : W1 = (? m g ) h = ? m g h Going down 下山時 : W2 = (? m g ) (? h) = m g h Round trip 來回 : W = W1 + W2 = 0 Horizontal displacement requires no work. 水平方向的位移不需作功。 Gravity is conservative 重力是守恆的. Climber does (+) work. 爬山者作 (正) 功。 (+) work done on climber. 爬山者被作 (正) 功。 Example: Work done on trunk by friction摩擦對櫃子所作功 Going right 往右時 : W1 = (? ? m g ) L = ? ? m g L Going left 往左時 : W2 = ( ? m g ) (? L) = ? ? m g L Round trip 來回 : W = W1 + W2 = ? 2 ? m g L ? 0 Friction is non-conservative 摩擦是非守恆的. Mover always does (+) work against friction. 搬櫃子的人永遠都要對摩擦作 (正) 功。 GOT IT 懂嗎? 7.1. If it takes the same amount of work to push a trunk across a rough floor as it does to lift a weight to the same distance straight upward. 如果把一個櫃子推過一段粗糙樓板地所需的功，和把一個砝碼朝上舉起到同樣距離所需的功一樣。 How do the amounts of work compare if the trunk weight are moved along curved paths between the same starting end points? 如果起和終點不變，但櫃子和砝碼的路徑都改成曲線，兩者所需的功比較起來會怎樣? Ans. Work is greater for the trunk. 答： 櫃子需要的功較大。 7.2. Potential Energy 位能 Conservative force 守恆力 : Potential energy = stored work 位能 = 所存的功 = ? ( work done by force ) = ? (力作的功) = work done against force = 抵抗這力所作的功 Note: only difference of potential energy matters. 注 : 祇有位能差算數。 1-D case: 一維時： Constant F : 不變的力 F : Gravitational Potential Energy 重力位能 Horizontal component of path does not contribute. 路徑的水平分量無貢獻 Vertical lift: 垂直上提 ? m g Elastic Potential Energy 彈性位能 Ideal spring: 理想彈簧 ? parab