第1章计算机系统概述讲解.ppt

有的书上称第四代是VLSI，从80年代开始（如本书和Andraw编的《结构化计算机组成》），有的书称第四代是LSI，从72年开始，有的又分成LSI时代和VLSI时代。 Ingot ? wafer ? die ? chip Please click “how chips are made” on the course website to see the steps in details. Question asked by a student: why is the wafer a round shape, not a square shape? Merits of Abstraction: easy understanding, easy designing, compatibility Difference between Architecture and Organization. Computer Architecture: 1)how the software looks at the hardware? 2) functional, abstract view of hardware reflected in software. 每一层用户看到的计算机是不一样的。最终用户工作在应用程序层面，看到的是应用程序虚拟机，只知道如何使用相应的应用程序；应用程序开发人员在程序设