Design Patterns 设计模式【DOC精选】.docxVIP

2012/11/19 Monday 设计模式分类标准 1 设计模式有两种分类标准，按用途来分： 2 按scope来分，主要分成类模式和对象模式两类。 a) 类模式处理类和其子类之间的关系，这种关系一般是通过继承实现的，因此在编译时就已经确定。 b) 对象模式处理对象间的关系，这种关系可在运行时修改，更灵活。 c) 因为大部分的模式都用到了继承，因此只有少数几个模式被认为是类模式。Class patterns deal with relationships between classes and their subclasses. These relationships are established through inheritance, so they are static—fixed at compile-time. Object patterns deal with object relationships, which can be changed at run-time and are more dynamic. Almost all patterns use inheritance to some extent. So the only patterns labeled class patterns are those that focus on class relationships. Note that most patterns are in the Object scope. 3 An object packages both data and the procedures that operate on that data. The procedures are typically called methods or operations. An object performs an operation when it receives a request (or message) from a client. 4 Requests are the only way to get an object to execute an operation. Operations are the only way to change an objects internal data. Because of these restrictions, the objects internal state is said to be encapsulated; it cannot be accessed directly, and its representation is invisible from outside the object. 5 面向对象设计的难点： decomposing a system into objects，可考虑的因素太多，又没有唯一合适的标准。 6 Many objects in a design come from the analysis model. But object-oriented designs often end up with classes that have no counterparts in the real world. Some of these are low-level classes like arrays. Others are much higher-level. For example, the Composite (183) pattern introduces an abstraction for treating objects uniformly that doesnt have a physical counterpart. Strict modeling of the real world leads to a system that reflects todays realities but not necessarily tomorrows. The abstractions that emerge during design are key to making a design flexible. 7 Every operation declared by an object specifies the