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* * Einstein and quantum theory of solids Yu Lu Institute of Theor. Phys. Interdisciplinary Center of Theor. Studies, CAS Einstein’s paper in March 1905 Planck proposed the radiation distribution，while Einstein suggested that the radiation consists of a gas of “light energy quanta” (Lichtenergiequanten), or simply “light quanta” (Lichtquanten), each with energy proportional to frequency. Among the 1905 papers Einstein only considered this paper “revolutionary” Planck derived this relation “Experiments are in unsolvable contradiction with classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics” Using Boltzmann’s entropy Wien’s radiation law, for “high energy quanta” Analogy of radiation with ideal gas --“gas of light quanta” Einstein’s heuristic derivation Not accepted by contemporaries， strong objection by Planck himself，Nobel prize only in 1922. Proved in 1906 and 1907 papers：Quantization of “light quanta” －－Planck’law 1905 paper： Quantization of interaction energy of radiation with matter Stoke’s rule, photo-ionization, photo-effect Dulong-Petit’s empirical law ：it should be a constant Many solids, in particular insulators, SH much smaller, Strongly temperature dependent Specific heat (SH) puzzle for solids Boltzmann’a derivation in 1876 ：c=3Rn=5.94n cal/mole·grad Boltzmann: motion of atoms constrained in solids, not as simple as he imagined Lord Kelvin: doubt on Boltzmann’s derivation Lord Rayleigh: Both theory and experiments are right，genuine contradiction, new “insight” is needed! Einstein’s quantum theory of specific heat for solids What is the reason? 1907 paper: “Planck’s theory of radiation and theory of specific heat” Annalen der Physik 22 (1907) 180-190 1907 paper assumes quantization of energy of atom vibration, with the same frequency, the same average energy Einstein founded the quantum theory of solids!! derivation of typical frequency from compressibility and density 1910 Nenrst measured the temperature dependence for more solids Comparis