操作系统课件Chapter1-Introduction.pptVIP

What is an Operating System?(1) A modern computer consists of One or more processors Main memory Disks Printers Various input/output devices Managing all these components requires a layer of software – the operating system What Is an OS? Real life example? 2-3 persons group discussion 2 minutes What is an Operating System?(4) The Operating System as an Extended Machine The OS hides the messy details which must be performed--Provide standard Library (I.e., abstract resources) The OS implements a virtual machine on top of the machine that is easier to use (i.e. write programs for) This is the “top down” (or external view) of an operating system. What is an Operating System?(5) The Operating System as an Extended Machine (ctd.) What is an Operating System? (8) The Operating System as a Resource Manager Allow multiple programs to run at the same time Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources. Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways: In time In space This is the “bottom-up” (or internal) view of an OS History of Operating Systems (1) Two distinct phases of history Phase 1: Computers are expensive Goal: Use computer’s time efficiently Maximize throughput (i.e., jobs per second) Maximize utilization (i.e., percentage busy) Phase 2: Computers are inexpensive Goal: Use people’s time efficiently Minimize response time History of Operating System (7) Second Generation 1955 – 1965 (ctd.) Goal of OS: Better throughput and utilization Batch: Group of jobs submitted together Operator collects jobs; orders efficiently; runs one at a time Advantages Amortize setup costs over many jobs Operator more skilled at loading tapes Keep machine busy while programmer thinks Improves throughput and utilization Problems User must wait until batch is done for results Machine idle when job is reading from cards and writing to printers History of Operating Systems (11) Third Generation 1965 – 1980 (ctd.) Spooling Original batch systems used tape d