检材的提取.pptVIP

Forensic science The application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. Physical Evidence Any material either in gross or trace quantities that can establish through scientific examination and analysis that a crime has been committed. Classification of Physical Evidence Trace evidence Direct evidence Prima facie evidence Circumstantial evidence Exculpatory evidence extremely small items stands on its own to prove an alleged fact evidence established by law incriminates a person helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty Another commonly used classification of physical evidence Corpus delicti Associative evidence establishes that a crime has been committed links suspect with the crime. Physical evidence utilization in other areas of forensic investigation Provides investigative leads for a case Ties one crime to a similar crime or connects one suspect with another Corroborates statements from witnesses to or victims of a crime The elements of a crime help to determine what will be useful as evidence.  Besides knowing what types of evidence to search for, it is necessary to know where evidence is most likely to be found.  Characteristics of evidence Class characteristics Individual characteristics features that place the item into a specific category features that distinguish one item from another of the same type Types of physical evidence BODY FLUIDS Conventional serology: presence of blood in stains species identification and ABO grouping is not adequately informative to positive identify a person DNA analysis can associate victim and/or suspect with each other or with the crime scene BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS additional information Types of physical evidence BODY TISSUES organ samples collected at autopsy, including blood, urine and stomach contents DRUGS CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES plant materials, powders, tablets, capsules toxicologi