DataSmoothing.pptVIP

Click View then Header and Footer to change this footer DataSmoothing D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD, FCSB Issues What is a waveform; what is signal; what is noise? What types of noise can contaminate a waveform? What techniques are available? How to decide on the best technique? Which is the best data smoothing technique? Removing high frequency noise (most common). Removing low frequency noise and DC offsets. Removing noise spikes. How to prevent phase distortion. How to prevent end-point transients. What is a Waveform? A waveform is any time-varying or spatial-varying series of related data. W(t) It can be a known mathematical function (e.g., sine wave) W(t) = a sin (2p f t + q) generalized sine wave with frequency f (cycles per second), amplitude a (arbitrary units) and phase lag q (radians). or a series of data sampled at regular or irregular known intervals. W(t) = a(t) can contain both signal (information) and/or noise What is a Signal? A signal is the information carried in a waveform or a physical quantity that can carry information. It is the portion of the waveform that carries the desired information of the researcher. In mathematical waveforms there is typically only signal in the waveform. In data sampled from electronic or other devices there is always some part of a waveform that is not signal, called noise. What is Noise? Noise is the part of a waveform that is not signal! unwanted error in a waveform Noise can be random (white) or have a statistical distribution Noise can be due to interference from another signal (called cross-talk) or induced by physical devices near the medium carrying the waveform (e.g., electric motors, radiation, power cords, radio waves). Noise can occur at random intervals (e.g., bumping of electrodes, power surges, floor impacts nearby) or regular (50/60 Hz line interference) or irregular intervals (e.g., ECG or EEG interference of EMGs). Noise may have frequencies inside or outside the frequency range of the signal (if