chapter 19 baic semiconductor physicschapter 19 basic semiconductor physicschapter 19 basic semiconductor physicschapter 19 basic semiconductor physics.ppt

chapter 19 baic semiconductor physicschapter 19 basic semiconductor physicschapter 19 basic semiconductor physicschapter 19 basic semiconductor physics.ppt

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Semiconductor Physics - * Copyright ? by John Wiley Sons 2003 Review of Basic Semiconductor Physics Current Flow and Conductivity ? Charge in volume A?x = ?Q = q n A ? x = q n A v?t ? Current density J = (?Q/?t)A-1 = q n v ? Metals - gold, platinum, silver, copper, etc. ? n = 1023 cm-3 ; ? = 107 mhos-cm ? Insulators - silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide ? n 103 cm-3 ; ?? 10-10 mhos-cm ? Semiconductors - silicon, gallium arsenide, diamond, etc. ? 108 n 1019 cm-3 ; 10-10 ???? 104 mhos-cm Thermal Ionization ? Si atoms have thermal vibrations about equilibrium point. ? Small percentage of Si atoms have large enough vibrational energy to break covalent bond and liberate an electron. Electrons and Holes ? T3 T2 T1 ? Density of free electrons = n : Density of free holes = p ? p = n = ni(T) = intrinsic carrier density. ? ni2(T) = C exp(-qEg/(kT )) = 1020 cm-6 at 300 ?K ? T = temp in ?K ? k = 1.4x10-23 joules/ ?K ? Eg = energy gap = 1.1 eV in silicon ? q = 1.6x10-19 coulombs Doped Semiconductors ? Extrinsic (doped) semiconductors:p = po ≠ n = no ≠ ni ? Carrier density estimates: ? Law of mass action nopo = ni2(T) ? Charge neutrality Na + no = Nd + po ? P-type silicon with Na ni: po ≈ Na , no ≈ ni2/ Na ? N-type silicon with Nd ni: no ≈ Nd , po ≈ ni2/ Nd Nonequilibrium and Recombination ? Thermal Equilibrium - Carrier generation = Carrier recombination ? n = no and p = po ? Nonequilibrium - n no and p po ? n = no + ?n and p = no + ?n ; ?n = excess carrier density ? Excess holes and excess electrons created in equal numbers by breaking of covalent bonds ? Generation mechanisms -light (photoelectric effect), injection, impact ionization ? Recombination - removal of excess holes and electrons ? Mechanisms - free electron captured by empty covalent bond (hole) or trapped by impurity or crystal imperfection ? Rate equation: d(?n)/dt = - ?n????

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