Thermal Properties California State University, 热性能加利福尼亚州立大学.pptVIP

MSE-227 * ISSUES TO ADDRESS... ? How do materials respond to the application of heat? ? How do we define and measure... -- heat capacity? -- thermal expansion? -- thermal conductivity? -- thermal shock resistance? ? How do the thermal properties of ceramics, metals,  and polymers differ? Thermal Properties * ? Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in  temperature for one mole of a material. heat capacity (J/mol-K) energy input (J/mol) temperature change (K) Heat Capacity ? Two ways to measure heat capacity: Cp : Heat capacity at constant pressure. Cv : Heat capacity at constant volume. Cp usually Cv ? Heat capacity has units of The ability of a material to absorb heat * ? Heat capacity... -- increases with temperature -- for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R ? From atomic perspective: -- Energy is stored as atomic vibrations. -- As temperature increases, the average energy of  atomic vibrations increases. Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature R = gas constant 3R = 8.31 J/mol-K Cv = constant Debye temperature (usually less than T room ) T (K) q D 0 0 Cv * Atomic Vibrations Atomic vibrations are in the form of lattice waves or phonons * increasing cp ? Why is cp significantly larger for polymers? ? Polymers Polypropylene Polyethylene Polystyrene Teflon cp (J/kg-K) at room T ? Ceramics Magnesia (MgO) Alumina (Al2O3) Glass ? Metals Aluminum Steel Tungsten Gold 1925 1850 1170 1050 900 486 138 128 cp (specific heat): (J/kg-K) Material 940 775 840 Specific Heat: Comparison Cp (heat capacity): (J/mol-K) * Thermal Expansion Materials change size when temperature  is changed linear coefficient of thermal expansion (1/K or 1/°C) Tinitial Tfinal ? initial ? final Tfinal Tinitial * Atomic Perspective: Thermal Expansion Asymmetric curve: -- increase temperature,  -- increase in interatomic  separation  -- thermal expansion Symmetric