离散数学DISCRETEandCOMBINATORIALMATHEMATICS.pptVIP

离散数学DISCRETEandCOMBINATORIALMATHEMATICS.ppt

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离散数学DISCRETEandCOMBINATORIALMATHEMATICS

離散數學 DISCRETE and COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS 1 Fundamental Principles of Counting 重要章節 1-2 Permutations 1-3 Combination : The Binomial Theorem 1-4 Combination with Repetition 1-2 Permutations 1-2 Permutations Definition : If there are n distinct objects and r is an integer, with 1 ≦ r ≦ n, then by the rule of product, the number of permutations of size r for the n objects is P (n , r) = n × (n-1) × (n-2) ×???× (n-r+1) =(n) (n-1) (n-2) ???(n-r+1) × = (n-r) (n-r -1)???(3)(2)(1) (n-r) (n-r -1)???(3)(2)(1) n ! (n-r) ! 1-2 Permutations EXAEPLE 1.9 In a class of 10 students, five are to be chosen and seated in a row for a picture. How many such linear arrangements are possible ? Sol 10× 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 30,240. Ans : 30,240 possible . 1-2 Permutations 圖形解說: 有5個空格可放 10個學生 第1格 由10個學生任選1位 以此類推 EXAMPLE 1.13 The MASSASAUGA is a brown and while venomous snake indigenous to North America. Arranging all of the letters in MASSASAUGA, we find that there are (1) Sol Ans : 25,200. 1-2 Permutations 10! 4! 3! 1! 1! 1! = 25,200 1-2 Permutations possible arrangements. Among these are (2) Sol In which all four A’s are together. To get this last result, we considered all arrangements of the seven symbols AAAA (one symbol), S, S, S, M, U, G. 3! 1! 1! 1! 1! 7! = 840 1-2 Permutations 圖形解說: M S S S A A A A U G A has four S has three and So / 4! and 3! 1-2 Permutations 圖形解說: M S S S A A A A U G A 為一組 所以剩下 S, S, S, M, U, G 排列 1-2 Permutations EXAMPLE 1.14 Determine the number of (staircase) paths in the x y-plane from (2, 1) to (7, 4), where each such path is made up of individual steps going one unit to the right (R) or one unit upward (U). The blue line in Fig 1.1 show two of these paths. Figure 1.1 (a) (b) y y x x 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 A A B B R,U,R,R,U,R,R,U U,R,R,R,U,U,R,R 1-2 Permutations Beneath each path in Fig. 1.1 we have listed the individual steps. For example, in part (a) the list R, U, R, R, U, R,

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