TopicSkeletalandMuscularSystems(Ch).docVIP

Topic 19: Skeletal and Muscular Systems (Ch. 49) Uses of skeletons protection of body structures rigid support for body structures allow movement by serving as a rigid surface for muscle attachment Types of skeletons hydrostatic skeleton (AKA hydraulic skeleton or hydroskeleton) found in soft-bodied invertebrates (such as earthworm) body fluids enclosed in a confined, incompressible space direct force of muscle against water exoskeleton opposite muscle ends attached to hard parts on outside of body arthropod muscles attached to rigid chitin exoskeleton limits size large muscles would require excessively thick exoskeleton endoskeleton found in vertebrates and echinoderms most vertebrate muscles are attached to an internal bone scaffold bone can bear more weight than chitin bone is cellular, living tissue that can grow and be remodeled vertebrates have a soft, flexible exterior that stretches to accommodate movement Human skeletal system composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments tendons connect muscle to bone over 200 bones divided into two groups, axial and appendicular axial – skull, backbone, rib cage, breastbone (sternum) skull: cranium, facial, middle-ear, and hyoid bones vertebral column = spine = backbone flexible column that protects spinal cord twelve pairs of ribs protect heart and lungs (FYI, same number in both males and females) appendicular – attached to axial at shoulders and hips pectoral girdle = shoulders clavicles connect shoulder blades to breastbone arms attached at shoulders pelvic girdle = hips connects to legs major limitation in childbirth Bone recall: special type of connective tissue two types of bones: flat and long flat bones not modeled in cartilage first long bones modeled in cartilage first bones also serves as calcium and phosphate reservoir and blood cells are made in the bone marrow of long bones structure collagen fibers coated with hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) result is strong but not brittle hydroxyapatite cryst