《语言学教程》Chapter phonology.pptVIP

2.3 From Phonetics to Phonology Preview questions: Define the following terms: coarticulatiuion, broad transcription, narrow transcription, phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pairs, phonemic contrast, complementary distribution 2.3.1 Coartuiculation (协同发音) Map [m?p] Broad and narrow transcriptions Peak 2.3.2 Minimal pairs Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill Cut/but; big/peg; peak/leap Minimal pairs Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs: 1) different in meaning; 2) only one phoneme different; 3) the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment. a. 彼此的语音数量相等 (dip disk) b. 彼此的意义不同 (tap taph) c. 彼此仅存在一个语音的差异 (bit bad) d. 语音差异出现在同一位置上 (fat tap) Phones Phone (音素): a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Some distinguish meaning, some don’t. i) phonetic unit ii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with [ ] Phonemes Phoneme: an abstract phonological unit of distinctive value that is represented or realized by a certain phone. Minimal unit that distinguishes meaning /p/ [pi:k], [spi:k] 2.3.3 Allophones Allophones: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. Allophone: phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme A phoneme is realized as allophone 1 + allophone 2 +… E.g.: /p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] (unreleased) Allophones Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme: 1) allophones of the same phoneme should be in complementary distribution. Phones, phonemes, allophones How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random.