2016届（重庆专用）高考英语人教版新课标一轮总复习 滚动测试27.docVIP

课时作业27　Poems Ⅰ.阅读理解 Sensing phantom phone vibrations(手机虚幻震动) is a strangely common experience. Around 80% of us have imagined a phone vibrating in our pockets when its actually completely still. Almost 30% of us have also heard non-existent ringing. Are these signs of madness caused by digital culture? Not at all. In fact, phantom vibrations and ringing indicate a fundamental principle in psychology. Psychologists use a concept called Signal Detection Theory to guide their thinking about the problem of perceptual(感知的) judgments. Working through the example of phone vibrations, we can see how this theory explains why they are a common and unavoidable part of healthy mental function. When your phone is in your pocket, the world is in one of two possible states the phone is either ringing or not. You also have two possible states of mind the judgment that the phone is ringing, or the judgment that it isnt. Obviously youd like to match these states in the correct way. True vibrations should go with “its ringing”， and no vibrations should go with “its_not_ringing”. Singal detection theory calls these faithful matches a “hit” and a “correct rejection”． But there are two other possible combinations you could mismatch true vibrations with “its not ringing”(a “miss”); or mismatch the absence of vibrations with “its ringing”(a “false alarm”). This second kind of mismatch is whats going on when you imagine a phantom phone vibration. What does that mean in terms of your phone? We can assume that people like to notice when their phone is ringing, and that most people hate missing a call. This means their perceptual systems have adjusted their bias(偏向)to a level that makes misses unlikely. The unavoidable cost is a raised likelihood of false alarms of phantom phone vibrations. The trade-off between false alarms and misses also explains why we all have to put up with fire alarms going off when there isnt a fire. It isnt that the alarms are badly designed, but rather that they are