chapter4 Transceiver Architectures--gao.ppt

* * * * * An Example of DC Offsets A direct-conversion receiver incorporates a voltage gain of 30 dB from the LNA input to each mixer output and another gain of 40 dB in the baseband stages following the mixer. If the LO leakage at the LNA input is equal to -60 dBm, determine the offset voltage at the output of the mixer and at the output of the baseband chain. 直流失调的消除 Offset cancellation: high-pass filter Such network also removes a fraction of the signal’s spectrum near zero frequency, introducing intersymbol interference 偶数阶失真: an Overview Direct-conversion receivers are additionally sensitive to even-order nonlinearity in the RF path, and so are heterodyne architectures having a second zero IF. Second Intercept Point (IP2) If Vin(t) = Acos ω1t + Acos ω2t, then the LNA output is given by IP2：将两个等幅度的干扰加到输入端，并在输出端观察它们产生的低频信号，画出干扰信号与输入信号的功率，并把它们外推可得到IP2 Example of Calculation of IP2 Solution: Suppose the attenuation factor experienced by the beat as it travels through the mixer is equal to k whereas the gain seen by each tone as it is downconverted to the baseband is equal to unity. Calculate the IP2. From equation above, the value of A that makes the output beat amplitude, kα2A2, equal to the main tone amplitude, α1A, is given by hence Flicker Noise Since the signal is centered around zero frequency, it can be substantially corrupted by flicker noise. 正交失配: Sources Separation into quadrature phases can be accomplished by shifting either the RF signal or the LO waveform by 90°. Errors in the 90° phase shift circuit and mismatches between the quadrature mixers result in imbalances in the amplitudes and phases of the baseband I and Q outputs. Hartley Architecture If we shift I(t) or Q(t) by another 90 ° before adding them, the image may be removed. The low-pass filters are inserted to remove the unwanted high-frequency components generated by the mixers Realization of 90 °Phase Shift of Hartley Architectur