3 直流电机研讨.ppt

直流电机的优点 在发电厂里，同步发电机的励磁机、蓄电池的充电机等，都是直流发电机；锅炉给粉机的原动机是直流电动机。 在许多工业部门，例如大型轧钢设备、大型精密机床、矿井卷扬机、市内电车、电缆设备要求严格线速度一致的地方等，通常都采用直流电动机作为原动机来拖动工作机械的。 直流发电机通常是作为直流电源，向负载输出电能；直流电动机则是作为原动机带动各种生产机械工作，向负载输出机械能。 在控制系统中，直流电机还有其它的用途，例如测速电机、伺服电机等。? 直流电机的缺点 电流的换向问题，消耗有色金属较多，成本高，运行中的维护检修也比较麻烦。因此，电机制造业中正在努力改善交流电动机的调速性能，并且大量代替直流电动机。 3.2 直流电机的工作原理 BASIC PRINCIPLES and STRUCTURE of DC MACHINE How motors work An electric motor is built in much the same way as a generator. It has a set of wire coils, wound round a block called an armature, and mount on a shaft, or rotor. Magnets or electromagnets around the armature create a magnetic field. When electric current is fed into the wires of the coils, the shaft of the motor rotates转轴. The rotating shaft can then be used to drive machines. Electric motors may be driven by direct (one way) current or alternating (two way) current. Direct current machines need a switching device called a commutator(换向器) to keep the rotor spinning in the same direction. armature windings电枢绕组 A sample motor The diagram of a simple direct-current (DC) motor shows a motor with just one turn of the wire coil. When current passes through the coil, it creates a magnetic field around the wire. This magnetic field interacts with the field between the poles of the permanent magnet. The coil turns until its own poles are next to the opposite poles of the magnet, because opposite magnetic poles attract each other. At this point, the commutator, which connects the coil to the battery, reverses the direction of the current flowing through the coil. The magnetic field around the coil is reversed, forcing the coil to coil is reversed, forcing the coil to make another half-turn. Bearing riding 轴承 Stator 定子 1）电枢铁心 3）换向器 4 直流电机的额定值 （1）额定功率 ：指电机在铭牌规定的额定状态下运行 时，电机的输出功率，以kW表示。 例题1 一台直流发电机，其额定功率为145kw，额定电压为230v，额定转速为1450r/min，额定效率为90％，求该发电机动输入功率及额定电流各为多少？ 例题2 一台直流电动机，其额定功率为160kw，额定电压为220v，额定效率为90％，额定转速为1500r/min，求该电动机动输入功率，额定电流各为多少？ Separate excitation 他励 Series field 串励 Shunt f