13C NMR-main reference.ppt

13C NMR Spectroscopy 1H and 13C NMR compared: both give us information about the number of chemically nonequivalent nuclei (nonequivalent hydrogens or nonequivalent carbons) both give us information about the environment of the nuclei (hybridization state, attached atoms, etc.) it is convenient to use FT-NMR techniques for 1H; it is standard practice for 13C NMR 4.5 Chemical Shift Equivalence 4.5 CSE continued 1H and 13C NMR compared: 13C requires FT-NMR because the signal for a carbon atom is 10-4 times weaker than the signal for a hydrogen atom a signal for a 13C nucleus is only about 1% as intense as that for 1H because of the magnetic properties of the nuclei, and at the natural abundance level only 1.1% of all the C atoms in a sample are 13C (most are 12C) 1H and 13C NMR compared: 13C signals are spread over a much wider range than 1H signals making it easier to identify and count individual nuclei Figure 13.23 (a) shows the 1H NMR spectrum of 1-chloropentane; Figure 13.23 (b) shows the 13C spectrum. It is much easier to identify the compound as 1-chloropentane by its 13C spectrum than by its 1H spectrum. 4.2.2-Chemical Shift Scale and Range Proton Spectrum Carbon Spectrum a separate, distinct peak appears for each of the 5 carbons 13C Chemical Shifts are measured in ppm (?)from the carbons of TMS 13C Chemical shifts are most affected by: electronegativity of groups attached to carbon hybridization state of carbon Electronegativity Effects Electronegativity has an even greater effect on 13C chemical shifts than it does on 1H chemical shifts. Types of Carbons Electronegativity effects on CH3 Electronegativity effects and chain length 13C Chemical shifts are most affected by: electronegativity of groups attached to carbon hybridization state of carbon Hybridization effects sp3 hybridized carbon is more shielded than sp2 Carbonyl carbons are especially deshielded Table 13.3 (p 573) Table 13.3 (p 573) 13C NMR and Peak Intensities Pulse-FT NMR dist