2014年哈工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,考研笔记.pdf

【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】 更多资料下载 1 考博详解与指导 哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题 Passage 1 Highly successful scientists depend on special talents, like in arts, music, and so on. Nature produces them only very slowly, parsimoniously, and at a constant rate, one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal, extensive academic training. Their number cannot be increased under command; they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need which is today the case in several nations over the world, including many of the developing countries. The second element is the “collectivity effect”. Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect. Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together. This is particularly active at the “interface” between disciplines; for instance, a chemistry idea applied to biology, a mathematical concept applied to physics, and so on. Passage 2 The phrase “A Law of Nature” is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago. This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses. Human societies have laws. In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done; others are not. This is regarded as part of the nature of 【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】 更多资料下载 2 things, and generally as an unalterable fact. If customs change, the change is too slow to be observed, later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws, but there was no way of withdrawing old ones. The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones. So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time. Passage 3 Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches, the futurists say. Commercial space activ