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Detecting companions to extrasolar planets using mutual events.pdf

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Detecting companions to extrasolar planets using mutual events

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 7 0 3 6 0 9 v 1 2 3 M a r 2 0 0 7 Astronomy Astrophysics manuscript no. 6111 c? ESO 2008 February 5, 2008 Detecting companions to extrasolar planets using mutual events J. Cabrera and J. Schneider Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 92195, Meudon Cedex, France e-mail: juan.cabrera@obspm.fr Received ; accepted ABSTRACT Aims. We investigate a new approach to the detection of companions to extrasolar planets beyond the transit method. We discuss the possibility of the existence of “binary planets”. Methods. We develop a method based on the imaging of a planet-companion as an unresolved system (but resolved from its parent star). It makes use of planet-companion “mutual phenomena”, namely mutual transits and mutual shadows. Results. We show that companions can be detected and their radius measured down to lunar sizes. Key words. (stars:) planetary systems 1. Introduction The search for satellites of extrasolar planets is relevant to the understanding of the evolution of planetary systems and to the perspective of their habitability. Their occurrence in other plane- tary systems is very likely since in the Solar System, 7 of the 9 ”planets” have from 1 to several tens of satellites and nu- merical simulations of planet formation show that such satel- lites should be common (Ida et al. 1997). Several methods have been proposed for their detection: Sartoretti Schneider (1999) proposed detection by transits; Brown et al. (2001) applied this approach to constrain companions to HD 209458 b; Han Han (2002) and Bennett Rhie (2002) discussed the possibility of detecting companions via microlensing; Williams Knacke (2004) have shown that Earth-like satellites of giant planets in the habitable zone would be detectable by spectroscopy in the CH4 hole of the planet spectrum in the 1.5? 4μm band. Here we investigate new ways to detect planet satellites based on planet wobble and photometry in direct imaging. First, we discuss the possibility of bin